Discussion of William Shakespeares Macbeth Essay

Discussion of William Shakespeares Macbeth Written around 1606, Macbeth is regarded as a generous tribute to the current monarch at the time, King James I. In 1603, the first year of his reign , King James privileged Shakespeares theatre company, above all others, to be the Kings Men. Shakespeares theatre company was extremely honoured by the title and Macbeth was written in an attempt at expressing Shakespeares gratitude. Before he was King James I of England, he was King James VI of Scotland. Therefore, as a tribute play it would make sense to set the play in Scotland. It also seems appropriate that this play features witches and witchcraft. King James loathed witches and women, so†¦show more content†¦This causes the audiences first impressions of Macbeth to be fairly optimistic, because we admire and have a high regard for people who fight so heroically in the name of the King. But, when Macbeth informs his wife of the witches prophecies, and she concludes that they should murder King Duncan, he refuses to do so. The audience would certainly appreciate such loyalty and we will like him further. Nevertheless, Lady Macbeth convinces him to go through with it and after he has murdered Duncan the audiences liking for Macbeth would reduce enormously. When Macbeth fears the consequences and regrets what he has done, we feel slightly sympathetic towards him and our view of him becomes slightly more positive than straight after the murder. Macbeth succeeds the Throne, but the audience does not respect and value him like the good King Duncan, instead we hate him and hope that his deeds are discovered and he dies, so equilibrium is restored in the world and everything runs properly. Thereafter, when Macbeth instructs two murderers to assassinate Banquo and his son Fleance, we feel as though Macbeth is employing others to do his dirty work, which is cunning and clever, yet cowardly. During the feastShow MoreRelatedWilliam Shakespeare s Macbeth And Richard IIi906 Words   |  4 PagesWilliam Shakespeare employs a variety of techniques in his plays to show good characters from bad characters; one such technique as the application of deformity or an abnormality manifests itself physically and psychologically with the dramas. The incorporation of a defect, whether it be physically or psychology, reveals flawed characteristics within the said character. Most of these flawed char acteristics, though revealed in different situations, share similar problems and consequences. For exampleRead MoreAllegorical Elements In Macbeth Essay761 Words   |  4 PagesThe use of allegorical devices within Macbeth can also be used as a way of discussing internal political and ethical perspectives. Shakespeare condemns equivocation within the narrative, â€Å"Faith here’s an equivocator that could swear in both the scales against either scale who committed treason enough for Gods sake, yet could not equivocate to heaven† . This is probably in reference to the Jesuit, Henry Garnet a man who was tried and executed for his role in the Gunpowder Plot of 1605. Garnet publishedRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s We Didn t Start The Fire 1378 Words   |  6 Pages Honors English II 24 November 2015 Shakespeare’s thoughts on Modern Culture To aide in this paper, I have chosen the song â€Å"We didn’t start the Fire,† by Billy Joel to help provide modern events that William Shakespeare’s works can relate to. Shakespeare’s plethora of works provide information about his thoughts on society during his life. Many events and topics that are seen in modern culture are relatable to events that occurred during Shakespeare’s life, such as government, assassinationsRead MoreRepresentation of Masculinity the Renaissance Family and Shakespeares Macbeth1233 Words   |  5 PagesRepresentation of Masculinity the Renaissance Family and Shakespeares Macbeth Familiarity with Shakespeares work often leads to awareness to the representation of masculinity, gender roles, and the patriarchal order as these subjects are often greatly reflected in his writing. Renaissance concept of order meant there was a shift from what used to be an Open Lineage Family, to a Restricted Patriarchal Nuclear Family. In turn, Renaissance families saw an increase in obligationsRead MoreAMBITION IN SCOTT FITZGERALDS THE GREAT GATSBY AND WILLIAM SHAKESPEARES MACBETH1677 Words   |  7 PagesGREAT GATSBY AND WILLIAM SHAKESPEARES MACBETH In the walk of life, ambition is the path to success; and persistence, the substance of ignition required to propel it. When harnessed with unmitigated precision, ambition is a force which can alone endow one with the jewels of life. However, if overmastered by ambition, it is not but a sign of doom and destruction, resulting ultimately in ones premature demise. In Scott Fitzgeralds The Great Gatsby and William Shakespeares Macbeth, many similaritiesRead MoreImportance Of Shakespeare s Macbeth 1519 Words   |  7 Pages Importance of the Witches in Macbeth by William Shakespeare Throughout all of history, witches are known for practicing magic and creating prophecies to predict any future. In any scene involving witches, it is important to know their role in the play, whether they change the outcome of the play or simply influenced it, and the supernatural features the play comes along with in its time. In No Fear Shakespeare Macbeth by William Shakespeare, the play starts out with the threeRead MoreOlivia Murillo. Mr. Ortiz . English 12. February 27, 2017.1124 Words   |  5 PagesOlivia Murillo Mr. Ortiz English 12 February 27, 2017 Comparison of Macbeth and Throne of Blood Shakespeare’s play, â€Å"The Tragedy of Macbeth† and the 1957 movie Throne of Blood are similar in the way the power struggles first commence. As the old saying goes, â€Å"behind every great man, there is an even greater woman.† When a man has potential it is usually his partner that is right there beside him, pushing him towards greatness. That is where Asaji and Lady Macbeth’s character comes into the playRead MoreLooking For Richard A Film By Al Pacino1251 Words   |  6 PagesShakespearean play. 2 1 1 2. That’s old stuff; Shakespeare has no relevance to life today. 4 3 3 3. Shakespeare’s tragedies can’t be fully understood without the use of notes and â€Å"translations.† 3 2 4 4. Shakespeare should be required reading for high school and college students. 3 2 2 5. People’s problems and behaviors change significantly from one century to another. 2 1 2 6. Shakespeare’s plays were meant for the upper-class intellectuals of the time. 1 2 3 7. People can’t appreciate ShakespeareRead MoreBlood in Macbeth1411 Words   |  6 PagesBlood in Macbeth William Shakespeare wove many motifs like blood into his play Macbeth, written in 1606. These motifs serve to reveal many different aspects of the plot, characters, and themes. The Blood motif is often used throughout the play to symbolize guilt, or the lack of it. The two main characters, Macbeth and Lady Macbeth are driven by ambition to commit evil actions including murder. Lady Macbeth plots to have her husband murder king Duncan of Scotland, so that Macbeth can take the throneRead MoreAnalysis of Macbeth Essay912 Words   |  4 PagesAnalysis of Macbeth Macbeth, is one of the greatest tragedy plays written by William Shakespeare. It is a rather short play with a major plot that we had to follow it carefully to understand its significance. The play is a tragedy about evil rising to power, which ends up corrupting the main characters Macbeth and Lady Macbeth. In the opening of the play Macbeth is introduced to the audience as Thane of Glamis and is respected. The witches also play a major part in the

Political Science - 2439 Words

SUBJECT: â€Å"With the help of relevant examples from Zambia, discuss the sustainability of the Politics-Administration Dichotomy † FROM: PATRICK. M. CHALWE P O BOX 510659, CHIPATA, ZAMBIA 1.0 INTRODUCTION Concepts of ‘politics-administration dichotomy’ have been a part of emancipatory discourse and practices for the last decades. Advocates of these concepts have claimed that the responsibilities and accountabilities of the politicians (elected) and the bureaucrats (employees) must be separate in concept and practice. But the question still being asked is whether there can be sustainability of this separation of politics and administration. This exercise/ assignment looks at convergences between approaches towards†¦show more content†¦Given the importance of the relationship of politicians to staff to sound governance, it is not surprising that there is a long history of attempts to develop principles or models for approaching this issue. One idea that has such a long history and shown remarkable durability is that politics can and should be separated from administration. First introduced in 1887 by Woodrow Wilson (who later became President of the United States), the doctrine, despite repeated critiques from academics and practitioners such as Herbert Simon (1976), never seems to die. The Commission of Inquiry into the Sponsorship Program and Advertising Activities (2006) is the latest Canadian advocate for separating politics from administration. Its final report published in February of this year stated that The responsibilities and accountabilities of the public service should not, however, be the subject of partisan debate. Parliament has explicitly and unequivocally assigned broad powers for administration to the public service. Its intention in so doing is to ensure that the administration of government and of government programs is conducted in a non-partisan manner under laws, rules and regulations. According to John Graham (2006) two European scholars French and Folz, sum up the case against thisShow MoreRelatedPolitical And Political Theories Of Political Science858 Words   |  4 Pagesprior experience in politics before achieving the seat they now hold. Many of these politicians have backgrounds in Political Science that gave them the knowledge to pur sue politics. Political Scientists study the origin, development, and operation of political systems. They research ideas that will help them analyze government policies, trends and other political issues. Political Science is a highly competitive field that requires many skills to achieve a job within the industry. However, once theRead MorePolitical Science And Public Administration Essay1880 Words   |  8 PagesPolitical Science and Public Administration are scientific studies that pull from a variation of diverse fields. Majors of education at institutions of higher education like Accounting, Agriculture, Anthropology, Communications, Economics, Education, History, Marketing, Medicine, Psychology, and Sociology all are encompassed within Political Science and Public Administration. Within Political Science policy is set, budgets are made, and laws are calculated with consideration from all the aforementionedRead MoreMid Term Exam: Political Sciences1307 Words   |  5 Pagest heir interests to have more profit. They have a strong political influence because they provide jobs in the city and move the local economy. For big business companies, they may use their resources to influence lawmakers or media to go against the policy. 2. Employee in City Z For employees/ workers in city Z, they have strong interest to raise their welfare. Therefore, they will prefer to support the policy. Employees have a strong political influence because usually they form the majority of residentsRead MoreThe Study of Political Science Essay653 Words   |  3 PagesPolitical science includes a wide range of topics that attempts to describe and explain the political process, politics, and the relationship among governments. As American citizens we should all be informed and be educated about all these above topics. We as citizens cannot be unconscious of our government as the government can make or break our lives. The general areas of study in political science include American government and politics, political theory, public administration, public law, comparativeRead MoreEssay on Political Science864 Words   |  4 Pagesvalidity of Political Science being an actual science. Furthermore, there are opposing viewpoints between political science scholars as to the discipline being a social science or a synthesis of natural and social science. One such academic; Charles Merriam asserts that political science has the characteristics of both sciences, because it adapt the study of human behavior to provide an analysis of political institutions. Political scientists in theory espouse the notion that political science borrowsRead MoreThe Political Of Political Science Essay2347 Words   |  10 Pagesby nature a political animal and he only by nature and by mere accident is without state is either above humanity or below it† Political science is ultimately related with the word politics which is derived from the Greek word â€Å"Polis†.The origin of political thought in the west and therefore goes back to the Greece.Political science is the study of the state and the government.And political philosophy is considersd to be a sub discipline of political science.However it is a political theory,a disciplineRead MorePower As A General Political Science827 Words   |  4 PagesPower in politics is a central concept, yet a contested one for a multitude of reasons. Chief among them is its contested nature and disagreement among political scientists over the concept itself as well as its operationalization. I refrain from further exploring the literature on power as a general political science concept and focus on its aspects related to negotiation. From an international relations perspective, realists for example, emphasize on the materialistic aspect of power; militaryRead MoreInternational Relations and Political Science2822 Words   |  11 Pagesis impossible to confine to someone else (Waltz 1979 ch 5). Each state must count on own power and ability. Waltz argues that violence is the only way in the self-help system. As Hobbes wrote, anarchy is â€Å"the war of one against another† (Hobbes). Political realists believe that it is failed to build one centralized or regulating power. The example of histories shows to us that any try to make order in the international world contributes to the world wars or conflicts between the states. That is whyRead MorePublic Policy Is An Important Part Of Any Political Science Studies1652 Words   |  7 PagesPublic Policy is an important part of any political science studies. While when studying government, some issues may be boring or inapplicable the public policy process isn’t. The process brings about interest and controversy in most issues up for debate and this past semester has been no different. While many people might find the implementation of policy daunting I have gotten the opportunity to put the theories strategies of public policy to the test whether that be through TV shows (West WingRead MoreThe Difference Between Political Science And Political Philosophy729 Words   |  3 Pageshonest, even though we know how we should behave we don’t always behave that way. The difference between the perfection and reality is the difference between political science and political philosophy. I believe that the field of political science is indeed in contrast to political philosophy. As I already mentioned, the field of political philosophy concentrates on how things ought to be. It makes normative statements about the world and the society. In Plato’s major work Republic, he describes

The Things They Carried By Tim O Brien - 846 Words

Imagine one day you receive a mail from the government that you been draft to go a war at a different country. How would you feel if you know that purpose of this war is unreasonable in any senses? Angry, anxious or even confused. Vietnam War was â€Å"a personal failure on a national scale† (Hochgesang). There are many videos, documents and movies about the Vietnam War that show different angles of the Vietnam veterans’ experience and how the war really changes their life. In â€Å"The Things They Carried† written by Tim O’Brien, he argues about how the Vietnam War affect the soldiers in many ways, not only physically, but more important is the psychological effects before, during and after the war. During the Vietnam War, these soldiers has shed their blood and sacrificed their future for their homeland, but their government, their society and their families alienates and forsakes them. Unlike any other wars happened throughout the history of America, th e reason for United States to get involve in the Vietnam War is to stop the spread of communism, a very simple but also very unreasonable. Instead of volunteer, the majority of the soldiers in Vietnam War were drafted without any prior notice. Hence, before going to war, the soldiers find themselves having a difficult time of trying to seek for a reasonable purpose of going to war. Some people try to escape from the drafting process and stay home or continue their education. Other people, who actually go to war say â€Å"’I just wantShow MoreRelatedThe Things They Carried By Tim O Brien892 Words   |  4 PagesThe Vietnam War was a long, exhausting, and traumatic experience for all of the soldiers and those who came with them. The Things They Carried, by Tim O Brien illustrates the different affects the war had on a variety of people: Jacqueline Navarra Rhoads, a former nurse during the Vietnam war, demonstrates these effects within her own memoir in the book, The Forgott en Veterans. Both sources exemplify many tribulations, while sharing a common thread of suffering from mental unpredictability. DesensitizationRead MoreThe Things They Carried By Tim O Brien1377 Words   |  6 Pageslove to have it as good as we do. Tim O’Brien’s The Things They Carried discusses many veterans who experience the burden of shame and guilt daily due to their heroic actions taken during the Vietnam War. The book shows you how such a war can change a man before, during, and after it’s over.     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   As I reflect on the many conflicts America has been a part of, none can compare to the tragedies that occurred in The Vietnam war. As told in The Things They Carried (O’Brien), characters such as NormanRead MoreThe Things They Carried By Tim O Brien1457 Words   |  6 Pagesthe theme pertains to everyone regardless of their background. It conveys the same ideas to people from all across our society. Lastly, a classic is timeless, which means it has transcended the time in which it was written. In Tim O’Brien’s novel, The Things They Carried, he offers a new, intriguing way to view war or just life in general and also meets all of the crucial requirements mentioned above to qualify it as a book of literary canon. Though this book is technically a war novel, many peopleRead MoreThe Things They Carried By Tim O Brien1242 Words   |  5 Pagesâ€Å"Tim O’Brien is obsessed with telling a true war story. O Brien s fiction about the Vietnam experience suggest, lies not in realistic depictions or definitive accounts. As O’Brien argues, absolute occurrence is irrelevant because a true war story does not depend upon that kind of truth. Mary Ann’s induction into genuine experience is clearly destructive as well as empowering† (p.12) Tim O’s text, The Things they Carried, details his uses of word choice to portray his tone and bias. Tim O’BrienRead MoreThe Things They Carried By Tim O Brien1169 Words   |  5 Pagesbut are set in the past and borrows things from that time period. A story that fits this genre of literature is The Things They Carried. The story is about Tim O Brien, a Vietnam veteran from the Unite States, who tells stories about what had happ ened when he and his team were stationed in Vietnam. He also talks about what he felt about the war when he was drafted and what he tried to do to avoid going to fight in Vietnam. The Things They Carried by Tim O Brien was precise with its portrayal of settingRead MoreThe Things They Carried By Tim O Brien1004 Words   |  5 Pages Tim O’Brien is a veteran from of the Vietnam War, and after coming home from his duty he decided to be a writer. His work â€Å"The Things They Carried† is about a group of soldiers that are fighting in the Vietnam War. The first part of the story talks mostly about physical items that each soldier carries, and also mentions the weight of the items as well. Though, there is one exception to the list of physical things. Lieutenant Cross is a character of the story, and Tim O’ Brien quickly states theRead MoreThe Things They Carried By Tim O Brien896 Words   |  4 PagesTrouble without a doubt is what First Lieutenant Jimmy Cross c arried around his shoulders because he was out in war, where mistakes happen. Lost and unknown of his surroundings he had to lead his men into safety, while destroying anything they found. First Lieutenant Jimmy Cross only holds onto one thing for hope and that is Martha, the woman who he hopes is a virgin to come back to. Tim O’ Brien introduces symbolism by adding a character that has a meaning of purity and a pebble, which symbolizesRead MoreThe Things They Carried By Tim O Brien Essay832 Words   |  4 PagesSummary: â€Å"By and large they carried these things inside, maintaining the masks of composure† (21). In Tim O’brien’s The Things They Carried, the American soldiers of the Vietnam War carry much more than the weight of their equipment, much more than souvenirs or good-luck charms or letters from home. They carried within themselves the intransitive burdens—of fear, of cowardice, of love, of loneliness, of anger, of confusion. Most of all, they carry the truth of what happened to them in the war—aRead MoreThe Things They Carried By Tim O Brien1369 Words   |  6 PagesMany authors use storytelling as a vehicle to convey the immortality of past selves and those who have passed to not only in their piece of literature but in their life as an author. In Tim O’Brien’s work of fiction The Things They Carried, through his final chapter â€Å"The Lives of the Dead,† O Brien conveys that writing is a matter of survival since, the powers of s torytelling can ensure the immortality of all those who were significant in his life. Through their immortality, O’Brien has the abilityRead MoreThe Things They Carried By Tim O Brien1407 Words   |  6 Pages       Our introduction stated that in â€Å"The Things They Carried,† author Tim O’Brien tells us not directly of the soldiers of Vietnam, or the situations they find themselves in, but about the things they carry on their shoulders and in their pockets. These â€Å"things† identify the characters and bring them to life.   I find that to be true as the author unfolds the stories about war and the uncommon things one carries in to war both inadvertently and on purpose.  Ã‚  Ã‚  As it was noted: Stories about war –

The Little Albert Experiment by John Watson and Rosalie...

The Little Albert experiment has become a widely known case study that is continuously discussed by a large number of psychology professionals. In 1920, behaviorist John Watson and his assistant Rosalie Rayner began to conduct one of the first experiments done with a child. Stability played a major factor in choosing Albert for this case study, as Watson wanted to ensure that they would do as little harm as possible during the experiment. Watson’s method of choice for this experiment was to use principles of classic conditioning to create a stimulus in children that would result in fear. Since Watson wanted to condition Albert, a variety of objects were used that would otherwise not scare him. These objects included a white rat, blocks, a†¦show more content†¦This occurrence between the rat and the bar showed that the dual stimulations the week prior had a lasting effect on Albert. In his case study, Watson explained that the stimulations were given to get a complete reaction from Albert. The response from the stimulations â€Å"was as convincing a case of a completely conditioned fear response as could have been theoretically pictured† (Watson, 1920, pp. 314). Every time the rat was joined with the loud sound (dual stimulation), Albert gave the same complete negative reaction. In the experiment, pairing the rat and noise caused by the hammer striking the bar, play the role of unconditioned stimulus (US), conditioned stimulus (CS) and conditioned response (CR). Introducing Albert to the loud sound of hammering the bar is measured as the unconditioned stimulus. The loud sound is something that Albert is not accustomed to, so the response is unlearned. Conditioned stimulus occurred when Albert was continuously introduced to the rat alone. Since Albert experienced the rat at the same the bar was hammered, he has learned to associate the rate with the sound of the bar (US). Albert’s conditioned response in the experiment transpired wh en he was able to perform the same behavior when he was presented with the rat (CS) over and over. After Watson was able to condition a fear response in Albert for one object, he wanted to know if the response was carried over.Show MoreRelatedThe Little Albert Experiment By John B. Watson And Rosalie Rayner956 Words   |  4 PagesThe ‘Little Albert’ experiment was a psychological experiment conducted by John B. Watson and Rosalie Rayner. This experiment was inspired by Ivan Pavlov’s experiment ‘Pavlov’s dog’ which studied the conditioning process in dogs. The Little Albert experiment was created to bring Pavlov’s research further to show how emotional reactions could be classically conditioned in people. In the experiment, Little Albert was presented with various animals including a rabbit, a monkey, and a white rat as wellRead MoreRosalie Raynor958 Words   |  4 PagesRosalie Rayner Women in Psychology Mark Suarez University of Phoenix History and Systems of Psychology Cheri Meadowlark April 29, 2013 Rosalie Rayner Watson was John Watson’s second wife. She assisted her husband in the development of applied behavioral psychology. Not only did she co-author the seminal paper on conditioned emotional reactions, she also assisted Watson in preparing the most popular child care book of the time (Duke, 1989). For these reasons she can be recognized asRead MoreJohn Broadus Watson : The Son Of Emma And Pickens Watson1007 Words   |  5 PagesJohn Broadus Watson was born near Greenville, South Carolina on January 9, 1878. He was the son of Emma and Pickens Watson. In the year 1891, John and the rest of his family was left behind by his father, complicating everything. Given the situations that his family was very poor, everything then became different for them. Since his father left his family, Watson held a long-life resentment towards him. He had hatred told his father for a long time for abandoning him. As a young child, John BroadusRead MoreBiography Of John Watson s Littl e Albert 2065 Words   |  9 PagesIn the 1920s, American psychologist John Watson coined a novel movement of psychology known as behaviorism (Gluck, Mercado, Myers, 2011). â€Å"Inspired by the works of prominent psychologists Ivan Pavlov and Edward Thorndike, behaviorism is a discipline of psychology that places its focus on observable behaviors rather than internal consciousness†. Stemming off Pavlov’s earlier research, Watson’s experiment â€Å"Little Albert† could be considered one of his greatest psychological advancements in behavioralRead MoreThe Little Albert Experiment Of Classical Conditioning1245 Words   |  5 PagesThe Little Albert Experiment In 1920, behaviorist John B. Watson and his graduate student Rosalie Rayner wanted to study classical conditioning in people. Classical conditioning is when two stimuli are paired and produce an effect off of the second stimulus, but eventually produce the same effect with the first stimulus individually. Watson believed they were capable of furthering psychologist Ivan Pavlov’s research on conditioning dogs to conditioning humans. Watson was a professor at John HopkinsRead MoreCritical Thinking Skills And The Little Albert Episode1035 Words   |  5 PagesThinking Skills and the Little Albert Episode Ethics remains unavoidable in most disciplines, and psychology is no exception. John Watson’s experiment deserves the current criticism because it failed to observe informed consent and protection from harm principle. The controversy arises from the principle of beneficence and non-maleficence. The principle requires psychologists, in this case, John Watson, and his student to benefit and care for his subjects. During the Experiment, Albert was nine-months-oldRead MoreThe Little Albert Experiment696 Words   |  3 Pages The Little Albert experiment has become a famous case study that has been discussed by a plethora of professionals in the psychology industry. In 1920, behaviorist John Watson and his assistant Rosalie Rayner began to conduct the first experiment that had been done with a child. Watson and Rayner chose Albert because they thought he was stable; he was accustomed to a hospital environment due to his mother’s career as a wet nurse, he was healthy and sh owed little emotion. Stability played a majorRead MoreJohn B. Watson Behavioral Psychology Part 21415 Words   |  6 Pagesof human consciousness and uncontrollable thoughts and behaviors did not easily explain any of the traumas that the American people had just lived through. In1919, a year after World War I ended, John Watson published his work, â€Å"Psychology from the Standpoint of a Behaviorist†. In this book, Watson elaborated on his behaviorist ideas of psychology, specifically focusing on the prediction of behavior and our ability to control behaviors. This idea of prediction and control was much more scientificallyRead MoreThe Theory Of Classical Conditioning1360 Words   |  6 Pagessound alone would produce salivation. â€Å"Little Albert†, an infant that belonged to a wet nurse at the Harriet Lane Home was experimented on by John B. Watson and Rosalie Rayner. Watson and Rayner claim that â€Å"Little Albert† was a healthy, unemotional, and stable child. The experiment began with the introduction of a white rat, which alone, produced no fear response. At 11 months and 3 days, the rat was paired with a loud noise. The loud noise frightened â€Å"Little Albert†. He began to associate the fear heRead MoreJohn B. Watson s Theory Of Psychology1048 Words   |  5 PagesJohn B. Watson was a great American psychologist whose theories, publications, and experiments had an enduring influence on psychology. Possibly his biggest contributions to psychology were his theory of behaviorism and his experiment on Little Albert. Though Watson’s experiments were extremely unethical and behaviorism doesn’t account for biological psychology, Watson was an extremely remarkable psychologist because of his principal of behaviorism and his findings on classical conditioning. Background

The Sustainability Megatrend (NZ) Free Essays

string(106) " in the company as a means to accumulate support and generate a better financial return for shareholders\." To the Undergraduate Programmer Manager, In this report sustainability will be addressed as to how it has affected New Zealand, and it will be explained how the concept of sustainability is a engagement. Sustainability is very important because we do not want to endanger or reduce the standard of living for consecutive generations (Wiley and Sons, 2010). Without basic resources such as air and water, there will surely be no life on earth in the future. We will write a custom essay sample on The Sustainability Megatrend (NZ) or any similar topic only for you Order Now Supply chains and globalizes workforces have created pressure on the environment and in turn businesses. Sustainability has become an objective with which some organizations strive for such as the Sustainable Business Network. Sustainability will involve considering the long-term consequences of industry and production. It will be explained why businesses develop sustainable practices, why sustainability is important to New Zealand and what the government and different organizations are accomplishing to make New Zealand sustainable. It will also explain New Sealant’s different industries that are environmentally friendly and on the way to Ewing sustainable. New Zealand has a unique set of industries and organizations relied on for economic growth, most of which are having sustainable practices applied to. This report will also take an insight into the right of development and sustainability of indigenous peoples and the challenges and opportunities faced when management is involved with human resource sustainability. Indigenous peoples have the right to develop and sustain their population, and human resource sustainability is essential gain competitive advantage in a demanding marketplace, as will be explained in this report. ‘The Sustainability Imperative’ by David A. Lubing and Daniel C. Test (2010) is an article about the concept of how sustainability is an emerging engagement. Sustainability qualifies as a engagement due to how environmental issues have gradually influenced businesses choices on value for customers, shareholders and stakeholders. Globalizes work forces and supply chains have created environmental pressures that are unwanted by businesses as countries such as China and India compete for natural resources such as oil, which adds strain on the need to be sustainable. These issues have been increased by the mounting public and parliamentary concern. Consumers all over the world are looking for sustainable products and services because of these concerns. Thousands of companies are strategically implementing sustainable practices such as innovation in energy efficiency, pollution control, resource productivity and renewable power. High Involvement Management and Human Resource Sustainability: The Challenges and Opportunities’ by Paul J. Gallon (2005) is an article about the challenges and opportunities of human resource sustainability. This article is putting forward the theory of how high involvement management can affect the sustainability of a business. Businesses are facing a struggle in competitive adva ntage in a demanding marketplace; customers and consumers are demanding a lot more than before, with higher quality products, cheaper prices and faster delivery. To meet these challenges, more pressure has been placed on management to increase the sustainability, efficiency and productivity of their organizations, as well as to reflect and show top management. High Involvement Management strategy involves procedures that promote mutual respect and responsibility. Managers give employees more trust to make important workplace decisions, giving employees the hence to develop their knowledge, skills, improving employee satisfaction, resulting in higher productivity and effectiveness. A challenge is overcoming any employee resistance, as they can feel increasing pressure and a resistance to change when a strategy is put into place. Implementing strategies a step at a time can solve this. Company performance and sustainability usually benefits from the integration of human resource management and product strategies. ‘The Right To Development and Indigenous Peoples: Lessons From New Zealand’ by M Gibbs (2005) is an article about the concept of recognition and the right to placement for New Sealant’s indigenous peoples. New Sealant’s Jurisprudence insinuates that the Maori have the right to develop with the Treaty Of Waiting and the Waiting Tribunal. The Treaty Of Waiting had two versions, the European and the Maori. There is a lot of confusion over the two versions of the Treaty as they are not exact translation. This confusion has caused many debates and arguments such as the foreshore and seabed dispute (Foreshore and Seabed Act 2004 No 93, as at 01 April 2011) If other nations follow this explanation, development rights in other countries will be improved. The Waiting Tribunal has recognized New Sealant’s indigenous peoples the right to develop as a people, to develop traditional resources and to take part in the development of resources unknown about in the 1840 partnership of the crown. The Treaty of Waiting has provided a solid foundation for the emergence of a Maori right to development. Maori represent 15% of New Sealant’s current population, in a situation like this sustainability is important to maintain the indigenous population. The issue of sustainability has become an important one; businesses are increasingly evolving and implementing sustainable practices for various reasons. I will explain why businesses develop sustainable practices, why sustainability is important to New Zealand and what the government and different organizations are accomplishing to make New Zealand sustainable. Sustainability is â€Å"the use of resources to maintain a standard of living that enables society to satisfy its current needs without reducing the standard of living for successive generations. † (Wiley and Sons, 2010). The issue of keeping the world sustainable has encouraged individuals and businesses to take action, to monitor the efficiency of their use of resources and to reduce their influence on the environment. Sustainability is often measured in different values such as the input and output of resources, types of cost savings, the reduction of resource waste and the apparent value of the business to society as a whole. There are three main reasons why businesses develop sustainable practices, greenmailing, a reflection of management values and the opportunity to exploit a sustainable niche. Greenmailing is a term that gives people the impression that you are supporting sustainability for its own sake, but really you are exploiting sustainable practices in the company as a means to accumulate support and generate a better financial return for shareholders. You read "The Sustainability Megatrend (NZ)" in category "Papers" This raises the issue of if the business is ethical or abusing the publics trust. A reflection of management values is another reason why businesses develop sustainable practices, to show and reflect the values of top management. If the board of a business is consistent and shares values on sustainability, these values are likely to be dispersed through the firm. The last reason is the opportunity to exploit a sustainable niche. Some businesses take he option of developing business through the assembly of sustainable goods. There are two main groups who are involved in sustainability, the Government and non- government organizations. The Tearoom New Zealand government has introduced basic sustainable development initiatives to urge sustainable business practices such as enacting the Resource Management Act 1991, signing and approving the Kyoto Protocol and signing the ROI Declaration 1992. A major initiative New Zealand is involved with is the Kyoto Protocol, which is an obligation of supporting cleaner air pollution and sustainable living. The ROI Declaration is another with which New Zealand is involved with, it is a UN document supported by numerous national governments that encourages solutions to the impact of the social lifestyle on the circumstance of the planet. New Zealand Tearoom is also encouraged to Join the Emissions/Biodiversity exchange Project that is ‘A project that records greenhouse gas emissions and energy consumption and calculates the areas of native bush that it would take to offset them. (Wiley and Sons, 2010). In February 2007 the government announced a new sustainability policy aims at making New Zealand carbon neutral. This was lead by the example of upgrading the PIP fleet to be more economical. The New Zealand Business Council for Sustainable development is a non-government organization and a leadership initiative for change toward su stainable development. Many projects run by this organization promote sustainable progress through business and school, partnership, influence greenhouse gas guidelines and sustainable supply chain management. The board is made up of parties whose businesses have a direct interest with the council. Another non-government organization is the Sustainable Business Network. They are a unique connection for genuineness that are looking to be more sustainable; they exist to help companies pursue sustainable projects. New Zealand relies on Agriculture, Horticulture and Diary Farming for economic growth. Because of this, a co dependent relationship exists to fulfill New Sealant’s image of being ‘green’. This means that financial injections are relied on to conserve and maintain the environment. There are various industries and organizations applying sustainable practices to their routine. The tourism industry in New Zealand has had to face challenges concerning with environmental sustainability. New Zealand has built up a reputation over the years as being a clean and green country. This has contributed to the success of which draws people in to New Zealand. New Zealand is the first country to have a government tourism department. The New Zealand Tourism Board was founded in 1991 to create the highest returns for the country and uphold tourism as a major industry to New Zealand. George Hickman, New Zealand Chief Executive implemented the campaign ‘100% Pure’ which was very successful in increasing tourist spending. Tourism is now the largest export industry in New Zealand, employing 1 in 10 rockers. New Zealand has won many awards for the ‘100% Pure’ campaign, earning awards such as the daily telegraphs best destination award in October and among others (Luxury Adventures New Zealand, 2004). This shows that there is pressure on New Zealand to maintain the reputation of a clean and green country. The tourism industry here in New Zealand has had to face challenges to meet the expectations of visitors to this country. Viticulture and the Wine industry in New Zealand is turning into a recent export industry, with numbers of hectares growing in size to produce vines. As a fairly recent industry in New Zealand, sustainable vine and wine growing initiatives are being put into place to lessen the effects the industry has on the environment. The renewable energy industry in New Zealand is one of the largest in the world, with 70% of power usage from renewable power sources (Ministry of Foreign Affairs Trade, 2004) Meridian Energy is a government owned company that capitalizes on its capability to produce renewable energy for New Sealant’s needs. Meridian Energy is the largest electricity generator in the country, and is the cornerstone of sustainable reactive. A comparison between this article and New Zealand sustainability practices is that since environmental issues have gradually influenced business choices on value for customers and some consumers are looking for sustainable products and services, this is an example of how this provides an opportunity for businesses to exploit a sustainable niche. In New Zealand sustainability, one main reason for businesses to develop sustainable practices was for the opportunity to exploit a sustainable niche. In this article there is a demand from consumers for sustainable products, and how environmental and sustainable issues have had an impact on business decisions. A contrast between this article and appendix four is that in this article it has been stated that China and India have been competing to gain natural resources, but in New Zealand sustainability, New Zealand has been utilizing our natural resources by the â€Å"100% Pure† campaign to keep New Zealand as clean and green for the success of the tourism industry. New Zealand has also been using wind farms to generate renewable power. A comparison between ‘High Involvement Management and Human Resource Sustainability: The Challenges and Opportunities’ by Paul J. Gallon (2005) and New Zealand sustainability is that they are both seeking to gain a good reputation of the reflection of management values. New Zealand sustainability stated that organizations show and reflect the values of top management advantage through sustainability. In the article by Paul J. Gallon, it is noted that High Involvement Management is implemented, not Just for sustainability but also to reflect the values of top management. A contrast between the two articles is that in the High Involvement Management article, it states that there is an increasing struggle to gain competitive advantage in more demanding marketplace, where businesses are having to produce better quality products, cheaper prices and faster delivery. Where as in the New Zealand sustainability article, businesses develop sustainable practices to exploit a niche in the market as a competitive advantage. The High Involvement article is putting forward the concept that to be more sustainable they have to improve organizational performance and integrate human resource management and product and market strategies. While in the New Zealand sustainability article, it is suggesting that to gain nominative advantage, the option of producing sustainable goods is recommended. A comparison between ‘The right to development and indigenous people: Lessons from New Zealand’ by M. Gibbs (2005) and New Zealand sustainability is that in the Indigenous article, it explains that in the Treaty Of Waiting there were two versions, a British version and a Maori one. The two versions are not an exact translation of each other as the Maori version was to be the translation of the British one. It is argued that the Maori version was translated in haste and that oral translation may have been more important than the written one. This can be seen as unethical, and to a brief extent, an abuse of the Maori trust. In the New Zealand sustainability article, one way of why businesses develop sustainable practices is ‘Greenmailing, a term used that gives people the impression that a business is supporting sustainability for its won sake, but really they use it for a means to accumulate support and generate a better financial return. This can be seen as unethical or abusing the publics trust, a similarity to the confusion over the Treaty Of Waiting. A contrast between the two articles is that in the New Zealand sustainability article, he concept of being environmentally sustainable is put forward, whereas in the Indigenous Peoples article, the concept of having the right to develop and sustain the Maori people is introduced. Human Resources and Maori Business frameworks, concepts and theories are relevant to sustainability and the success of an organization. In Human Resources the concepts of Job satisfaction, Job involvement, organizational commitment and employee engagement are all-important concepts to run a successful sustainable organization. In Maori Business the framework of the Treaty Of Waiting has helped established certain aspects of New Sealant’s Jurisprudence. The usefulness of the notion of integrating Strategic Management and Operations Management, Human Resources and Industrial Relations and Maori Business can be used as a tool to gain sustainable competitive advantage. They all interrelate and link to form one of the many basses of an organization. Strategic Management is the planning of preparing, implementing and evaluating decisions that will enable an organization to achieve its long-term goals. Strategic Management deals with the Five Forces Framework, which concerns itself with the entry, substitutes, suppliers, buyers and rivalries of an organization. It also deals with the SOOT analysis, which is strength, weakness, opportunity and threat, as well as political, economic, socio-cultural and technological aspects of the organization. Operations Management deals with the process flows accompanying with the consumption and creation of services and goods. Frameworks, theories and concepts used in this sector would be Six Sigma, a methodical process for refining the operational performance of an organization by eliminating waste. The Lean Approach, a method for meeting demand with no waste, which requires customer Ochs, synchronized flow, and involvement behavior. Another framework would be the Triple Bottom Line an annual report based on an organizations financial, social and environmental accountability. Human Resource and Industrial Relations is about managing people in order for a business and organization to succeed economically. Human Resource Management is about attracting, developing and maintaining a qualified workforce to maintain the objectives and strategies of a company, making it more sustainable. Human Resource and Industrial Relations concerns itself with functional structures, on the Job and off he Job training, career paths, the perceptions, personality, attitudes, and stress of people. Maori Business is the third largest business sector in New Zealand, and as New Sealant’s indigenous people, it is important to understand the Maori economy in New Zealand. Maori businesses contribute around $10 billion to the economy of New Zealand, there are Maori tourism operators and export companies. Maori Businesses focus on farming, forestry and fishing as the largest exports although food, fashion and film are new growth areas. Sustainable practices are being developed in farming, forestry and fishing. Maori Businesses are some of New Sealant’s largest corporations that deal with diversified products and services range. In a real world setting Strategic Management and Operations Management, Human Resources and Industrial Relations and Maori Business all interrelate as a tool to gain sustainable competitive advantage. With the Strategic Management, businesses and organizations would plan, prepare, implement and evaluate decisions and goals they would want to achieve. This can be integrated with Operations management, which deals in the consumption and creation of goods and services, as to achieve Operations Management; Strategic Management must be defined so that Operations Management recognizes the long-term plan and goals to achieve them. Human Resources and Industrial Relations are also integrated with Strategic Management as long term planning from Strategic Management affects the Human Resources and Industrial Relations. Maori Business is integrated with Strategic Management thorough the planning, preparing, implementing and evaluation of decisions and goals. The Quadruple Bottom Line also integrates the two sectors by making businesses responsible for the economic, social, environmental, sustainability and spiritual effects of undertaking business. Operations Management is integrated with Human Resources and Industrial Relations and Maori Businesses as well as Strategic Management. Operations Management is integrated with Human Resources and Industrial Relations by the long term maintaining of the objectives and strategies. It is also integrated with Maori Business by the environment, associated with both aspects, as Maori Business supports sustainability and Operations Management deals with waste elimination and general sustainability for both the organization and the environment. Lastly, Maori Business is integrated with Human Resources and Industrial Relations purely wrought how Maori Businesses tend to employ relatives, Hannah and Iii because of the cultural and family based aspect of Maori business. There are many insights I could offer to managers in the NUNS who wish to use the above to gain sustainable competitive advantage. I would offer the insight of improving Human Resource Management by increasing the sustainability, efficiency and productivity of their organizations. They could improve Job satisfaction, goal management. Using High Involvement Management could improve the loyalty and bond between manager and employee. If employees are given the chance to make important workplace decision, they will gain more skills and knowledge, be more involved with their work and will produce higher productivity. You also have to remember that strategies implemented to deal with Human resource have to be monitored carefully and implemented a step at a time, as there may be some employee resistance in the change. Another insight I would offer is the use of the reflection of top management and greenmailing. Developing sustainable practices can show and reflect the values of top management as well as to accumulate support and generate a better financial return for shareholders. Sustainability has become an important issue in today’s society, businesses are in the process of becoming more sustainable not only for competitive advantage but for the environment as well. An additional insight I would offer is to have very good Strategic Management, as this sets the direction of the organization. Frameworks, theories and concepts can be utilized for Strategic Management such as SOOT Analysis- strength, weakness, opportunity and threat; and the Five Forces Framework – entry, substitutes, suppliers, buyers and rivalry. Good planning is essential in a business to be competitively advantaged. I would also offer the insight of having a good integration between the Strategic Management and the Operations Management. Strategic Management is the planning process and direction of an organization and the Operations Management carries through what the Strategic Management plans. The connection between the two is important as one cannot function without the other. Having a good connection between the two can improve sustainable competitive advantage. How to cite The Sustainability Megatrend (NZ), Papers

International Political Economy for Globalization - myassignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about theInternational Political Economy for Globalization. Answer: Introduction In the modern world of growing connectivity and globalization, international trade is the crucial instrument playing important role in cross border share and exchanges of goods and service. With the passage of time, world grows compact and integrated through extensive trade taking place. Trade not only let the countries access to each others production but also feeds into the need of the business to expand based on evolving market demand. It is to be kept in mind that the countries differ in terms of geographical positioning, natural resources possessed, prevalent political and economic conditions (Sunkel Inotai, 2016). This influences the mode and extent of trade based on differed policies taken up based on the varied national economic situation. This multiplicity can possibly lead to difficulties in carrying out exchange of goods and services. To bring all nation under the control of one organization based on pre-fixed rules and regulations to be followed in trade, the World Trade Organization came into existence. The paper is to present a discussion on the overall information of WTO focusing mainly on finding out the principle reason behind recent crisis diagnosed within the organization. The discussion further drives our attention toward how well the understanding of economic cooperation gets justification through the analysis made in the report. What is WTO: World Trade Organization an intergovernmental international organization that controls and regulated the trade taking place worldwide among nations. Since 1995 January 1, the organization is operative and came into existent through Marrakesh Agreement. This agreement replaced earlier General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) and was supported and signed by 123 nations of the world in 1994 The organization as global international body deals with the regulation policies and practices regarding goods and service trading as well as intellectual property rights among nations who make negotiations and sign the agreement. The agreements further get ratified in subsequent parliaments of the nations leading to fortified trade negotiations. The major issues that are focused by WTO are mainly derived from trade negotiations made in Uruguay Round form 1986 to 1994 (Abdelal, Blyth Parsons, 2015). Main WTO agreements are Agreement on Agriculture, General Agreement on Trade and Service and Tra de Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights. Four major committees of WTO are: Council for Trade in Goods Under the Council for Trade in Goods, there are 11 committees every one assigned with specific task. All the existing members of WTO take part in the functioning of the all the committees Council for Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights This segment deals with intellectual property rights and every information on this. All the official news, data, information that are recorded in the WTO and TRIPS Council as well as WTOS interaction with other international organization Council for Trade in Services This segment is operative under the control and guidance of General Council. This has the responsibility of supervising the operation and functioning of General Agreement on Trade and Service. The segment is open for membership of all the countries. This segment is relaxed toward creating as much subsidiary body as required. Trade Negotiations Committee This segment mostly deals with talks round of current trade. The committee was assigned with Doha Development Round. Financial services, GAT rules, commitments, and domestic services are the three subsidiary bodies of these service council. Functions of WTO: The organization forms the foundation of a multilateral trading system through supervision, implementation and administration of agreements covered among nations. It also makes provision of an international forum that takes care of all the negotiations required in settling disputes taking place in world trades. WTO also makes propagation and review of the trade policies in different nations with an aim to ascertain transparency an d coherence of trade policies through surveillance of world economic situation and policies (Drezner McNamara, 2013). Moreover the organization prioritize providing assistance to least developed and developing nations with low income level to let them adjust to rules of WTO by way of technical cooperation and rigorous training. Apart from setting rule there are wide ranges of purposes served by WTO are : Implementation and Monitoring: Government ratification are important for WTO agreements to be transparent. Moreover it confers notification to WTO regarding enforced law. It I is the duty of the various committees under WTO to ensure the follow up of these requirements Dispute Settlement: There is a wing called Dispute Settlement Understanding under WTO that plays important role in in settling down the issues and quarrels taking place among nations. This enhances the flow of free trade. Based on any infringements of right made by nations they can come up with their complaints that gets judged and settled based on the interpretations derived from commitments made in agreements. Builds Trade Capability: The agreements followed under WTO provide special benefits in favor of the developing countries in form of support. It includes longer time period for implementation of agreements to be effective, measures to enhance the trade opportunities while boosting the capacity f trade by the nations. It also allows the nations to upgrade their technical standards as well be able to handle disputes. Outreach: The organization maintains connection with international organizations both governmental and non-governmental, parliaments, media and layman based on the current aspects ongoing within WTO. This action aims to increase the cooperation as well as awareness of WTO activities among people. Economic and political impact of WTO: Certainly the operation of WTO and its regulations through polices have some impacts on the economic conditions of nation. The most important channel is through which it brings peace is handling the disputes and issues quite constructively. With growing volume of trade and number of countries involved in trade, the complexity in the trade process arises that needs to be neutralized which is done rightly by WTO. The main function of WTO is to ascertain the free flow of trade without hassle. Now free trade creates much more benefits for the nations (Oatley, 2015). More of the variety of goods with good quality can enter the national market that also in lesser price. Moreover, trade acts as stimulus to economic growth. Higher the trade volume more is the revenue earned and increase in basket of goods that enhances the lifestyle of the people leading them toward developed condition (Dutt, Mihov Van Zandt, 2013). More national output leads to greater national income as well as per capita income making people live affluent life. WTO helps government in devising strategies focused on trade policies. It allows government adopts more balanced trade policies. It provides shield to the government against narrow interest groups. pressure groups. This allows the national government to take up policies that benefits all rather than facilitating some tradeoffs benefitting one group against others. Encouragement of good governance is another greater impact of WTO on national as well as international economies. Being one of the most powerful secretive body of international importance, the organization turning into global government controlling almost 134 nations of the world including biggest economies like USA, India and China. The body is representative of rule based policy regime of economic globalization that announces commercial interests among nations to be superseded at its best (Hoekman Mavroidis, 2015). Hindrance of operation and expansion among any global nations are to be subordinated. The hindrances are ge nerally economic policies imposed politically or the variant democratic processes involved with different countries. The WTO as a policy maker acts on behalf of the people who work and their labor rights, protection of environment, provision and protection human rights, rights of the consumers, local culture and social justice for all of it member countries. The organization plays immense role in maintaining national sovereignty of world nations and binding these multiplicity of national political differences through one chord. Crisis in WTO: Despite the greater role the organization plays in the politics and economic of nations, the WTO has fallen under strong attack of allegations and operative inefficiencies. Criticisms are reflective of perceptions that are multiple based on the fact. What is ideally thought that all the problems will be resolved by WTO and what reality drove was the body failed to take care of many issues that emanated from process of globalization. The developing country with larger majority among themselves believes that the operation of WTO is biased and makes agreements asymmetric to their interests(Wilkinson, 2013). The WTO policies creates binding upon the nations that often leads to disappointment in terms of trade related support provided by the donor countries (Donnan, 2014). The financial backers have failed to make provision of adequate funding for its own secretariat that takes care of the dispute settlement being burdened with financial and technical assistances demand as well as major a ccessions. One of the major crisis going within WTO is the confliction between developing and developed nation mostly due to difference in their opinion based on the difference in their outlook and needs (Wilkinson, 2013). Developing nations have many obstacles thet require them to go for productions and exchanges without much protectionism. The interests of the two type of nation clash as the developing ones seem to oppose new changes made to the policies. On the other hand the developed nation tries to control the decision in their favor through playing substitutive role of power owned global civil societies. There are indications of growing discomfort and frustration among business community and investors because of the slow pace of the decision making process followed in WTO. The results coming after negotiations of the nations are also reason of dissatisfaction. The international body is operative under immense pressures mostly conflicting. While the civil societies apply lobby for the expansion of their mandate and power which requires trade to be sanctioned and agreements enforced protecting and maintaining labor rights, environmental standards etc. The pivotal international body is in crisis of proper leadership that is evident in failure of the organization in its duties and implementations (Hoekman Mavroidis, 2015). The combined decision of major industrial counties that could initiate changes and reforms in the drooping system are now diagnosed with internal divisions and conflicts. The WTO has undergone changes in its outlook of the policies, objectives and negotiations from Uruguay Round to Doha Round. The rounds mostly focused on the liberalization of the countries enhancing their economic growth throughout. WTO as backbone of the international trade provided rights in form of rules and allowed each nation to experience increased openness and trade. These had higher implication on developing economies that are economically untapped with lot more potential to grow. The failure of the WTO negotiations has been received muchseverely by these developing fragile economies. This further expedited the loss in confidence as dispute settlement as well as trade facilitating unit to bring actual growth among the nation through integration and cooperation. Recently the Trade Policy Agenda of USA has evoked crisis in the organization as the negotiations empower US to act much liberally falling outside of the control of the WTO. Itdisregards multilateral trade, prevents member nations to interperet their trade rights, prevents WTO rules to change the national policies of US. This kind of disrespect coming from biggest economies of world like US might influence others to follow the same affecting the harmony among nations and failing the very agenda of WTO. Quite surprisingly China has not followed the footsteps of US keeping its faith alive in WTO mitigating a bit of the ris from increasing. Reasons behind issues: One of the major reason behind such crisis inflicted in WTO is that it is the source of unequal competition. The Uruguay Round more specifically is major contributor to the inequality in competition because: Developed countries try to provide lesser access to their markets restricting many of the products in their market coming from developing countries. It provides only 3.8% openness to the them compared to 4.3% access to the developed countries (Wilkinson, 2013). This discrimination is implemented through imposition of higher tariffs even on common products like cloths, fish, leather and agricultural goods. This makes the products costlier loosing the international demand that affects the economy of such developing nations. The quantitative restrictions are still operative in many countries of the world specially in clothing and textiles export. The phasing out process is very slow and that is becoming difficult for poor and small economies to trade and survive. The agricultural agreements taking place in WTO has initiated competition between developed countries farm production through subsidy and unsubsidized farm produces in developing nations agriculture. The protectionism in form of safe guard and anti-dumping policies are still under criticism as the rules possess loopholes. They are misused in order to prevent competition coming from countries that produces following labor-intensive technique. The TRIPS, which is one of the important negotiation for the countries involved in trade, has been inefficient (Hoekman Mavroidis, 2015). It has made the essential goods and technology like seeds and medicines too expensive. Yet it has not been able to prevent the biological piracy going on by the foreign n ations. The WTO follows consensus decision making that seeks for participation, opinion and approval of every nation included within its operation. This process prefers taking into account the presence of all political parties which leads to complexity and longer time period for any policies to be ratified and implemented. The operation and planning of the WTO revolves around only the official member sit has making the organization member driven to the world. This confines the view of the organization stopping its growth in order to bring overall changes in the world trade. Adequate regulation of the trade issue requires the firm to interact more actively with other actors. At the core the organization believed in the inception that harder the structure of law followed in dispute settlement, better is the general outcome. This sometime has fallen reverse indicating the failure of the idea. Rather consideration of flexibility, in its guidelines and dispute settlements rules implemented in bot h domestic as well as international issues could avoid many problems of the firm. More than 80% of the members of WTO comprise of developing nations and they are allegedly falling victim of differential treatments and bias in actions. This has led to agitation of the developing countries like China, India etc. WTO economic cooperation: The underlying importance behind economic cooperation is immense. It not only supports the nations development through utilizing the resources, knowledge but also make cooperation to international countries contributing to foreign policy framework. Economic cooperation between nation benefits all the nations under cooperation strengthening the institutional framework and bridging the gaps in terms of economic and political activities. The core intention of WTO coming into existence was to bring cooperation worldwide among the member nations through ease of trade and through economic political manifestations. The recent turmoil inside operations of WTO has posed severe questions of its implication of existence (Qin, 2012). Instead of bringing the developing nations close to developed nations the distance has rather increased leading to conflicts in decisions and agreements. This hampered the growth incentive of these nations through trade (Dutt, Mihov Van Zandt, 2013). Specially developing nations having fragile and growing economies get affected through such preventive and protectictive environment as preferred by developed nations which are mostly saturated. This pushes for reforms within WTO in present situation. Conclusion: The discussion takes us through the trajectory of WTO so far since its inception. One thing, which is quite evident, is that even though the organization came into existence with few intentions of economic cooperation, ease of trade without disputes and international economic and political connection between nations, it underwent transformations over time with the need of change in economic situations. The organization faces many internal conflictions in terms of lack of leadership, lack of understanding and cooperation among nations failing the very idea of the organization. yet the importance of the body is still undeniable in conducting cross-border agreements and trade decisions. This pushed the organization o for revisiting its functions and activities done based on the policies. The decision making process needed a massive change on the face of recent crisis that allowed the unit to deploy itself with much more concentration to recover the problems and exert tits roles and resp onsibilities. Reference: Abdelal, R., Blyth, M., Parsons, C. (Eds.). (2015).Constructing the international economy. Cornell University Press. Beck, U. (2015).What is globalization.Malden, MA: Polity Press. Berger, N. (2014).Theorist Eric Maskin: Globalization is increasing inequality. Retrieved from https://www.worldbank.org/en/news/feature/2014/06/23/theorist-eric-maskin-globalization-is-increasing-inequality Cotula, L. (2012). The international political economy of the global land rush: A critical appraisal of trends, scale, geography and drivers.The journal of peasant studies,39(3-4), 649-680. Davis, C. L. (2012).Why adjudicate?: enforcing trade rules in the WTO. Princeton University Press. Donnan, S. (2014). WTO plunged into crisis as doubts grow over its future. www.ft.com. Retrieved 6 November 2017, from https://www.ft.com/content/bac249d0-198c-11e4-9745-00144feabdc0 Drezner, D. W., McNamara, K. R. (2013). International Political Economy.Global Financial Orders and. Dutt, P., Mihov, I., Van Zandt, T. (2013). The Effect of WTO on the Extensive and the Intensive Margins of Trade.Journal of international Economics,91(2), 204-219. Froese, M. D. (2012). Trade policy review and dispute settlement at the WTO. Gilpin, R. (2016).The political economy of international relations. Princeton University Press. Hamanaka, S. (2014).Asian free trade agreements and WTO compatibility: goods, services, trade facilitation and economic cooperation(Vol. 32). World Scientific. Hoekman, B. M., Mavroidis, P. C. (2015).World Trade Organization (WTO): Law, Economics, and Politics. Routledge. Jones, R. B. (2013).Globalisation and interdependence in the international political economy: rhetoric and reality. Bloomsbury Publishing. Joseph, S. (2013).Blame it on the WTO: a human rights critique(p. 327). Oxford University Press. Kaplinsky, R. (2005).Globalization, poverty and inequality: Between a rock and a hard place. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley Sons. McGovern, E. (2017).International trade regulation(Vol. 2). Globefield Press. Oatley, T. (2015).International political economy. Routledge. Qin, J. Y. (2012). Reforming WTO discipline on export duties: sovereignty over natural resources, economic development and environmental protection. World Trade,46, 1147. Sunkel, O., Inotai, A. (2016).Globalism and the new regionalism(Vol. 1). Springer. Wilkinson, R. (2013).The WTO: Crisis and the governance of global trade. Routledge.

Cross Cultural Management Risk Analysis Report

Question: Discuss about theCross Cultural Management for Risk Analysis Report. Answer: Introduction It can be stated that Iran is gradually becoming one of the tourist hotspots with the tour operators reporting noteworthy increased in the tourist booking trips to the Middle Eastern country. Thomas and Peterson (2014) have stated that perhaps success of this place is because of a slight thaw in its relationships with the West or might simply because of the allure of exploring a small-known tourist destinations with few other tourists. An organization has planned to operate a tourist venture in Iran and thus this particular research work would try to analyze several aspects of this country through a detailed and specific risk analysis. National Culture Profile of Iran Jackson (2012) has mentioned that while Iran most of the times finds itself in the headlines of the news for all the wrong reasons, intrepid globetrotters consistently praise the country, calling it a surprisingly welcoming destinations with loads of untouched treasures to discover. It is necessary enough to mention that the visitors heading to Iran would definitely find out a country that is as complex, colorful and deeply traditional as the Persian carpets for which it is highly renowned throughout the globe. History lovers are spoiled for selection when it comes to incredibly preserved archeological sites, while the photogenic beauty of Classic Persian architecture generally covers with those fabulous blue tiles that attracts the eyes of the designers. Outdoor enthusiasts have a surfeit of mountains for climbing and ski, desert landscapes to explore and scenic valleys to trek (Friedman et al. 2012). All these are properly combined with the ultra-welcoming locals, a well-refined and delicious cuisine as well as an ancient culture stepped in poetry, art and music and this means that Iran is a noteworthy destination as rewarding as it is revelatory. Therefore, it is understood that Iran is one of the places to gain visitors attraction and thus it is expected that the new tourism venture in Iran would not be in vain in spite of political turbulence in Iran (Murphy 2013). Iran is one of the most powerful states in the region with 75 million strong and buttressed by ample oil reserves. Its resurgence in the first decade of the 21st century was one of the several unintended results of US military adventures in Afghanistan and Iraq. The sudden rid of two hostile regimes on its boarders, i.e. the Taliban and Saddam Hussein, Iran immediately expanded its power into the Arab Middle East, cementing alliances in Iraq, Lebanon, Syria and Palestine. It can be said that the political system of Iran is based on 1979 constitution and at the same time it is necessary enough to mention that the tax environment for foreign business is highly risky enough. Therefore, at the time of tourism venture, it is necessary enough to keep this concern in mind (Mowforth and Munt 2015). Hall and Page (2014) have said that Hassan Rouhanis upset victory in the June, 2013 presidential election created great expectations of change. From news, it has been found that the new centrist president had pledged to immediately resolve the nuclear dispute and at the same time enhancing the relationship of Iran with the other parts of the globe as well as revitalize the economic situation and encourage more open society. Almost after two years of negotiations, major powers of the globe and the Islamic Republic reached a landmark nuclear deal in July, 2015 (Kuniholm 2014). Risk Analysis: First Issue (Corruption) Corruption is one of the major issues of Iran and it can be seen that hardly any politicians have expressed serious concern over corruption in different parts of the globe. Hardly any politician has argued the gradual continuation of corruption could lead to social unrest and the collapse of the entire system. Tycoon Babak Zanjani, Irans billionaire has been sentenced to death for corruption, as he was severely accused of fraudulently pocketing $2.8 billion. Apart from that, it is necessary to mention that this billionaire was the middleman who organized oil deals on behalf of the then President Mahmud Ahmadinejads governments (Butler, O'Gorman and Prentice 2012). Therefore, it is understood that the Iranian government is corrupted to some extent and this might be because of the fact that the size of the government is high enough. Starting from oil and gas to a large range of different kinds of industries, presence of government is clearly visible in everywhere and all these parts ar e corrupted to some extent (Ghaderi and Henderson 2012). As per some estimation, 80% of Iranians living requires are fulfilled in some parts by the public sector. This particular incidence has given rise to a fraction of public sector employees that is considerable in size, as the government is large in size. This faction has the chance to sincerely seek rents proportionate to the importance of their position in terms of the profit they are capable enough to create for their clients. The corruption and corrupted behavior of a particular sector of all these employees is attributable to their low pay that puts them in a proper position of necessity to meet their living expenses of the families (Izadi et al. 2012). On the other hand, minor portion of this sector is enough paid and for that case, greed is considered as the motivating factor behind this corrupt attitudes. Therefore, when a new organization has been planning to expand their tourism sector in Iran, this part is required to focus on sincerely, as the expansion of the business migh t get hampered due to corruption (Jabbari et al. 2012). Apart from that, it can be stated that accountability is another major factor that keep corruption in check, however, it is required to mention that a number of factors have made enforcing accountability difficult in Iran (Eshliki and Kaboudi 2012). Risk Analysis: Second Issue (Poverty) In April, the Iranian governments media has published a rare acknowledgement of severity of the poverty crisis that is rampant throughout Iran. It has been found that the rate of unemployment has reached 70% in at least 1200 Iranian towns among the newly passed students. The report has stated that unemployment presently stands between 40% and 60% in near about 420 Iranian countries. This major percentage has contributed to a situation in which 15 million of Irans 78 million people are reportedly deprived of, even in case of the social services. Several reports have found out that when the employees belonging to the middle and the low income group go back to their homes after the full days work, they are deprived from adequate food and this is because of the fact that they are surviving under the poverty line (Delgoshaei, Ravaghi and Abolhassani 2012). The head of State Irans labor organization has stated that many manual workers cannot even afford the basic products they need for their survival and thus all these products are considered as luxurious products to them, which is actually not true. Therefore, it is understood that the economic crisis that Iran has been facing has significantly drowned a majority of the population in poverty; even those with two jobs cannot stay afloat. It is understood that the severe economic crisis that has descended on Iran is an outcome of the faulty governing of the nation, corruption and utilization of the tax money on ulterior and agendas instead of tackling and fulfilling the fundamental requirements of the citizens (Zonis 2015). The elected Iranian president once said in his lecture that Iranian households largely suffer from hunger because of poverty and destitution. It is regardless to mention that expanding tourism is not very easy in such types of countries where large number of populatio n live under the poverty line. As per the published news, it can be found out that twelve million Iranian each day sleep hungry in night and thus it is tough enough to expand tourism in Iran (Shirazi 2012). Risk Mitigation Strategies In this part, focus would be shed on risk mitigation strategies, as the organization is planning to open a tourist venture in Iran. Two major risks have been identified in this part and these are corruption and poverty and both these two factors hinder the gradual expansion of tourism in any country. At first, it is necessary enough to mention that these two identified issues are hard enough to handle and thus plans are required to make likewise. It is not possible to mitigate corruption for any particular organization and thus the organization is required to plan and manage their operations likely. From the discussion, it has been found that corporate tax in Iran is high and complicated enough and thus the organization need to plan accordingly (Tezcr 2012). Making the Plan List of individual risks Detailed rating of each risk depending on its likelihood A detailed assessment of present controls A detailed plan for action (Delgoshaei, Ravaghi and Abolhassani 2012) Deciding how to Handle Each Risk In the world of risk management, there are four strategies and the organization is required to plan on which to rely Avoid the risk Reduce the risk Transfer the risk Accept the risk Monitoring the Situation Butler, O'Gorman and Prentice (2012) have stated that putting measures in place is not enough and the company is required to check whether they are working and monitor the business on a regular basis in order to recognize and deal with the new risks A team is required to be there to look at this pat carefully and make all the necessary amendments to the plans as per the demand of the situation Next Steps The next step would be to analyze the surrounding issues related to the operations of tourism industry Revise the comprehensive risk management plan that outlines all the risks that the company faces They are required to rank the priorities accordingly an make the plans accordingly (Butler, O'Gorman and Prentice 2012) Recommendations In this part, it is required to provide some effective recommendations, so that the company can successfully go for the tourism venture in Iran. Iran is one of those countries that have been suffering from corruption and poverty and thus it is tough enough to expand tourism over there, as the tourists might feel insecure enough to travel to these types of countries. It can be stated that Iranians have successfully welcomed the opportunity to develop the historic buildings of the country and this would undoubtedly gain the attention of those tourists who are fond of history works. Therefore, it is recommended that the company is required to plan their advertisement in such a way that this part gets highlighted enough and they feel interested to visit Iran Delgoshaei, Ravaghi and Abolhassani (2012) has said in his research paper that the tourism industry of Iran is looking forward to grow rapidly following the lifting of economic sanctions with more number of westerners looking to come to Iran and thus plans are required to make for the further development of tourism industry, hotel and other related tourist facilities Apart from that, it can be stated that the lifting of the sanctions in places against the Islamic Republic would likely make arranging as well as carrying out the trips easier for westerners. Therefore, it is advised that the organization is required to focus at this part carefully at the time of expanding the business in Iran (Shirazi 2012) The countrys vice president has stated that a change is in front of Iran, as they are planning for a Tsunami of the foreign tourists. This is one of the positive sites for tourism sector in Iran and it is believed that the declaration from Vice President would boost the condition Apart from that, Irans president has declared about the loosening of the visa rules and this is expected to encourage the present situation of tourism in Iran, as this policy would open the doors of easy returns of the tourists References Butler, R., O'Gorman, K.D. and Prentice, R., 2012. Destination appraisal for European cultural tourism to Iran.International Journal of Tourism Research,14(4), pp.323-338. Delgoshaei, B., Ravaghi, H. and Abolhassani, N., 2012. 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